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Research Methods In Psychology

Psychology is commonly defined as a branch of science that entails the study of behaviors and mental process that aims to describe and explain aspects of human nature, that is, thoughts, approach, perceptions and also actions. Typically the goals of psychology are profoundly depicted as mechanisms of the body, thus this procedure involves, describing, controlling and predicting. basically, in order to understand this processes, diverse studies have been developed with the initial procedure being the introduction of a theory, in this branch of science, a theory is generally defined as a systematic principle or a set of general principles that attempts to define and explain how various differing facts are associated, it is from this genesis that we understand that, theories are logically employed either to assist researchers to put more facts in a broad frame work or organize facts, forecast new facts or equally allow a degree of charge over a given situation. From that angle scholars have attempted to understand the concept of psychology through elaborate and diverse research which involves varied perceptions and approaches (Leon, 2000).

For instance, among the many research methods commonly applied is the experimental method, this method is generally used where researchers randomly give participants to cell groups while controlling all prevailing conditions despite the independent variables, whereby, later, they are manipulated in order to determine their casual and general effect on behavior evaluated, that is, the dependent variable in the given experiment. Thus the purpose of experimental method is typically depicted as a way of determining what causes a given behavior, for example what causes anxiety.

In this method, it is prevalent that the common approach tends to rely more on cause and effect relationship between diverse variables, thus it is intended to test a hypothesis. Unlike in correlation method, experimental procedure is marred by diverse problems which include which are exposed through such procedures as selection bias experimenter bias, placebo effect as well as double-blind effect (Abbas, 2005). However, despite such challenges there are also important and highly crucial advantages of using this procedure and they include ability to disclose cause and effect relationship, while ruling out other incidental factors, but despite that the principal disadvantage include laboratory  locale may restrain natural behavior; findings may not simplify to actual world; likely for unethical or impractical experiment.

While contrasting, experimental with correlation method, it is prevalent that, there is a significant difference between the two, this is evidenced by the fact that, while experimental relied more on cause and effects, correlational methods is more anchored on discovering relationships, the advantage of this procedure is depicted in that it can be employed in three distinctive levels, which involves, a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. The advantages of this research method may include, it can be used to determine random samples, get the actual behavior, and too, it has a good external validity and equally probable potential for diverse variables.

Comparing the two, both methods have their distinct advantages over the other, though the correlational method seems to be more workable than experimental. However, when we consider that psychology as a science relies more on empirical studies, correlation approach becomes the better option of the two. All in all, on more technical approach, correlational approach cannot determine or reflect on cause and effect where it has been used or is being intended to be used.

Thus correlational method though good and reliable as a tool of research it’s predominately restricted, therefore it cannot be used to prove that one variables cause a change to the other. Simply put, this method does not come to causation. It has been established that a correlational research may paint a picture of a relationship between two diverse variables, for instance, business success and self esteem, but it cannot indicate or show if business success increases or decreases self esteem. Likewise other variables such employment, personality, social –economic factors as well as cognitive abilities  may play a pivotal role in the way correlational procedure provides the anticipate results ( Kuria,1999).

Reflecting on the above stated procedures it is paramount to understand that, each procedure has got its share of importance, given that, psychology depends more on empirical methods for its diverse and dissimilar studies. Therefore, it is important to understand that each and every given research demands a specific procedural method, hence, the two cannot cover each and every sphere of psychology but they provide a concise destiny in determining specific attitudes or behavioral changes.

About the Author

The author Linda Miller has academic writing experience of over ten years. She holds a PHD in education from Harvard. She has been assisting students in writing professional academic papers including thesis, dissertations, research papers and term papers. braviaresearchpapers.com

Social work research and its importance.Discuss social work practice and its significance?

Social research method is one of the important methods of social work, discuss the importance of social research method and it significance to social work practice

Take a look at the link incc c.

Social research refers to research conducted by social scientists (primarily within sociology, but also within other disciplines such as social policy, human geography, political science, social anthropology and education. Sociologists and other social scientists study diverse things: from census data on hundreds thousands of human beings, through the in-depth analysis of a life of a single important person to monitoring what is happening on a streets today - or what was happening few hundreds years ago.

Social scientists use many different methods in order to describe, explore and understand social life. Social methods can generally be subdivided into two broad categories. Quantitative methods are concerned with attempts to quantify social phenomena and collect and analyse numerical data, and focus on the links among a smaller number of attributes across many cases. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, emphasise personal experiences and interpretation over quantification, are more concerned with understanding the meaning of social phenomena and focus on links among a larger number of attributes across relatively few cases. While very different in many aspects, both qualitative and quantitative approaches involve a systematic interaction between theories and data.

Common tools of quantitative researchers include surveys, questionnaires, and secondary analysis of statistical data that has been gathered for other purposes (for example, censuses or the results of social attitudes surveys). Commonly used qualitative methods include focus groups, participant observation, and other techniques.

Alan Bryman on Research Methods



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research methodologies

Research Paper Styles

Research paper styles are made differently according to the requirement. The various types of research and different types of techniques used in research have their respective significance and value. In a general way it may be said that the research throw useful light on the various aspects of different problems and help in understanding the causes of the problems and the mutual interplay of the causes. On the strength of a research, practical remedies to solve and resolve problems can be put forward and these remedies will normally be efficacious because they are the outcome of scientific study and analysis .A general or wide spread research helps us to get an over all idea of the multiple aspects of the problem ranging over a very wide field and this, in turn, can indicate problems for specialized research. A specialized research may be called depth research because it studies thread bare a particular problem in a limited range. The conclusions of a specialized research are much more reliable than those of general or widespread survey. Accordingly, the specialized research is more important from the scientific point of view.

There are different types of data collection methods for different types of researches. The postal survey is less expensive tan personal survey; but the postal survey can be conducted only where all the respondents are literate. More over, in case of doubt in respondent’s mind, postal survey fails whereas personal survey can take care of all such contingencies. While personal survey is undoubtedly reliable and therefore desirable, its negative features are its expensiveness and various types of lure and temptations to which a field worker is exposed. There is a well known case of a person who distorted information about a poor family because the mother offered him the sexual services of her comely daughter. Public survey can be made only in a situation where the information is of general types and not of personal nature. But in the survey of problems of disorganization, homosexuality, lesbianism, marital discord, smuggling, crime etc. the survey has perforce to be confidential. In regular surveys, the reliability of conclusion increases. In census survey, much money, time and staff is needed. The surveys of this type are country wide and their conclusions are reliable and precise. But, on account of being less expensive, sample surveys are widely used in different researches.

The value of a primary research is directly dependant upon the technique used. Here there is a lack of comparative material and this proves a stumbling block. How ever, primary researches are highly important because thorough them a first attempt is made to gather well organized information on a subject and these prove to be stepping stones for repetitive researches.

The research paper styles may be different according to the subject, university or the course but the basic division of research paper and the approach for doing research are more or less same. The basic divisions like introduction, literature review, research methodology, conclusions can be found in any type of research paper.

About the Author

PayelRese is an academic writer who provides useful information about   buy research paper and research paper styles .

How/What does it mean to put the methodology in a research paper?

I've already looked at wikipedia it didn't tell me much. what goes into the methodology in a research paper

It basically means that you follow a set pattern of research and recording that was laid down by somebody else and which has been approved by various journals etc.

2. Introduction to Research Methods - Dr. AG Picciano



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qualitative research and evaluation methods

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Research Design and Data Collection

Data collection through internet is fast becoming popular due to vast and rapid reach of internet. It facilitates various option of instrument design, questioning format, and different sequencing options etc. Exchange of information is quick and inexpensive compared to conventional form of communications.
But there are drawbacks of collecting data online as well. Vastness of internet itself is a handicap since many people can not be located and on other hand many people still do not have access to internet. Internet suffers from major limitations when it comes to data collection and its ability to facilitate certain research design, most prominent among them are poor coverage and accessibility, technological variations, participation of ineligible cases and invalid response.

Steps that you should follow in order to do your project are discussed here. This is very important part of your project because if any mistake is made in carrying out the project; your research has the risk of turning invalid and unreliable. The process to be followed can be broken into four steps.

First is the basic task of defining your research problem by reviewing the relevant existing literature on the topic, which is used to formulate the research questions.

Second step is to establish a correct plan to ensure that the investigation is carried out. This is a research design phase and involves planning of type of research and approach that you will take for research. This is the stage where you will have to consider the reliability and validity of your project as these issues can seriously undermine your research.

Third step is about the process of collecting data and methods and research instrument you will need to consider how you are actually going to collect your data. Finally, all of this will be reported in the methodology section of your project.

It is obvious that research part of the project is very important work that you are required to do, among them mainly about designing your research, procedure of carrying it out and then reporting it. This requires you to make a number of key decisions about the method of doing research and where to find the relevant data. The resources provided in this section will help you to make these decisions.

They provide information on:
• Research design principles namely the type of questions and the best way of answering, which will eventually determine the approach to be taken to the study.
• Type of study like different approaches that need to be considered for carrying out research and when deciding how to collect data. The final will be fundamental to the success of the research.
• Methods of data collection – It is about approaches associated with particular types of <a href="http://www.ipacesetters.com/">data collection methods</a>. It is important to select the right data collection method(s) that will meet the objectives of the research.

• Methodological reporting so that research can be evaluated fully.

Next section is about several sources that can help you to design and carry out your research.
• Introductory materials sources on research design which provide initial ideas about the ways of answering research questions. These sources cover the concepts of reliability and validity in the design of your research.
• There are a few sources which highlight the basic difference between qualitative and quantitative research this will help you to make your choice of approach.
• There are several sources that deal with the design and data collection strategies of qualitative research. These provide information on the type of techniques that can be used to collect data.
• Alternatively, there are also several sources that consider similar issues for quantitative research.
• There are sources that describe about the methodology and how it was analyzed. This is important because the method of data collection affects the results, validity and reliability of your research.

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Does anyone know of a resource--and I will also keep searching--but something that will allow me to gain experience in educational research in terms of program evaluation and assessment prior to applying to a graduate program? Something that will allow me to learn more about program evaluation in an educational setting via qualitative and quantitative research methods. Thanks.

uscolleges.undonet.com - try their database. It has lots of internships, job openings and scolarships for college students.

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qualitative research & evaluation methods

Quantitative versus Qualitative Research

Virtually all market research can be broken out into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. While studies often combine the two, understanding how to use them will ensure you get the most out of your market research spend.

As the term suggests, quantitative research relies primarily on the collection and analysis of numerical information. Qualitative research, in contrast, focuses on smaller samplings with a richer depth of data drawn from interviews, discussion groups, or careful studies of relevant source materials, such as books, articles, videos and existing research. Here are a few more details ? and the advantages ? behind each methodological option.

Quantitative Research: Overview and Advantages

The primary aim of quantitative research is to collect, count, measure, and assess the meaning behind specific variables?and ultimately, devise statistical explanations for what the researchers have learned. Quantitative researchers gather information from a much larger number of representative individuals than their qualitative counterparts, spending less time with each individual.

Quantitative researchers typically begin with more clarity behind the questions they want asked ? and want answers to. Their approach is based on numbers and pure data and relies heavily on scientific methods rather than intuition, personal observation or subjective judgment. Performed properly, quantitative research yields results that are objective and statistically valid.

When to Use Quantitative Research Methods

As a rule, quantitative research is the method of choice when the object is to measure and analyze concepts, trends, product consumption, product usage, and other variables with mathematical precision. Examples include:

- Measuring awareness and usage of a product, service or brand across a large audience - Statistically validating a hypothesis?e.g. female doctors are significantly more likely to prescribe anti-depressant medication than male doctors - Measuring and segmenting the market for a specific product and opportunities for a new product or service - Evaluating preferences for ads, concepts, packaging, and communications - Testing market preferences - Comparing the desirability?and likely demand?for a product concept within a target market

Qualitative Research: Overview and Advantages

The purpose of qualitative research is to create a robust, detailed description of behavioral patterns, consumer trends, market needs, and human motivations. If quantitative research seeks to confirm an existing hypothesis, qualitative research seeks to collect information that may support the creation of a hypothesis or invalidate an existing theory.

Toward that end, researchers focus on a smaller number of people and spend more time with them, eliciting their thoughts and opinions rather than statistical data or yes-or-no answers. The researcher?s observations, subjective interpretations, interpersonal skills and interview techniques thus figure critically in the process, and in the quality and relevance of data collected.

When to Use Qualitative Research Methods

A qualitative approach often makes most sense in the early stages of a research project, in an effort to rebrand a product or service, or when the goal is to extract information from consumers about the deeply rooted motivations behind why they make particular choices. In particular, it is a useful tool for:

- Understanding how usage of one product or service can be contextualized into a person?s broader lifestyle and belief system - Gauging what the choices they make say about a certain person, or group of people - Identifying unmet needs in your target market - Generating ideas on how to improve an existing product, brand or service

Quantitative versus Qualitative: How to Decide?

The decision on what type of research should be made solely based on your current needs. If you?re looking for depth of insights and new ideas, qualitative research is often the right choice; when you are seeking to quantify and validate, more often than not quantitative research is the right option.

To summarize, qualitative research is generally used as an exploratory tool?to uncover thoughts, generate ideas and form hypotheses. Quantitative methods can subsequently be applied to test and validate those early findings.

In deciding which to use, achieving a complete picture will require the use of both approaches. A market research company can help you determine your specific needs, and how you can get the best results from both approaches.

About the Author

Gareth Schweitzer is the Founding Partner of Kelton Research. Kelton Research is a full service global insights firm with offices in Los Angeles and New York, and is America's fastest growing Market Research Consultancy. For more information on Kelton Research, qualitative research or quantitative research, visit http://www.keltonresearch.com or call 1.888.8.KELTON

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Can you help me with which social science these Hypotheses fall in ?Part 2 plesz ?

Ok...I need help with matching the hypotheses with the three social sciences that they fall in…and also why…also which research method would be good to use???

What is it about this assignment that you don't understand? (No, I'm not going to help you cheat; besides, if you don't learn anything you'll just flunk all your tests.)

Review your reading materials for explanations of what each of the areas focuses on. Then ask yourself which is more directly related to each of the hypotheses.

Then ask yourself how each hypothesis could be investigated: what would you need to do to know whether or not it's true? Then relate that process to each of the methods.

What is it, exactly, that you don't understand about this task?

If you want more help, DO the assignment, post your results here, and ask for feedback.

Lambuth Library Social Sciences Research Methods



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